Posted 7:19 AM by Mehran Baharlı

www.NomadPlace.com\Afshar
http://iran40.tripod.com/Afshar.htm

The Afshar Nomads of Iran-kerman

An Afshar woman making tea for tour group. The Afshar that we met were very friendly.
This information was sent to us by German tourist to Iran 1999. He took a book published in Iran about different nomads and showed it to a tour guide and said take me to as many of these tribes as you can. In Southern Kerman province near the boarder of Fars province they came upon some tents of some Afshar nomads. The name of this area is Boshu. Below are some photographs from this trip.

This Afshar man and wife had 10 children.
After the trip I looked on the internet and found some crazy information about the Afshar. I do not think the Afshar is another name for 20 million Azeri people. There might be Afshar people in the North of Iran near Tabriz but these Afshar in the South are a very disctinct tribe. According to what the tour guide found out these Afshar speak a kind of Turkish closer to Qashqai Turkish than Azeri that is spoken in the North.

The Afshar are known as excellent carpet weavers and much can be found about thier carpets on the web. Here is a photo we took inside an Afshar tent of a carpet they had woven. Most of the Qashqai tents visited did not have nice carpets and we were told that any nice carpets they had woven they had sold to make a living.
I would love to find out more about the Afshar of Kerman Province and Fars province. I would love to meet an Afshar person. Please e-mail me at carpetbuyer@ziplip.com. The person who took these photos gives up rights to them. You can use them for the positive promotion of nomadic cultures.

An Afshar tent which served as a parking garage for the family motorcycle. It seems that trucks and motorcycles have replaced camels and horses for the yearly migration between summer and winter pastures.
Here is some other information on the Afshar that was sent to us....

Afshar Sub-Tribe Kerman

Another Afshar tent. This one had the same reed sides used by Arab tribes in this same region of Iran. The tents are hand woven from black goat hair.
The tribes of Kerman consist of different Clans and immigrants who, after the Arabs conquest, moved from the west to the south-east of Iran. Therefore the Sub-Tribes and tent-dwellers settled in Kerman Province are actually a combination of Balooches, Kurds, Arabs and indigenous people.

These two Afshari girls were weaving this carpet by hand. 100% wool and they said it takes months to finish.
There are about 40 Sub-Tribes, 191 Clans and 230 migratory Families in the neighborhoods of Kahnooj, Baft, Sirjan, Jiroft and Bam counties. Afshar Sub-Tribe, one of the largest at the time of Safavid Shah Tahmasb, and now live in an extensive area stretching from the south-west of Rafsanjan towards the south-east of the Kerman-Bam highway. Their center of trade is at Baft. Their winter residence is Balook Orzooyeh and the summer residence is Balook Aghtae.

This old man told us a folk story about the Afshar people and he told it in his native Afshar language. It was not hard for us to find Afshari people who spoke in Farsi which our guide could then interpret for us.
The tribes of Kerman are originally Turks and speak in Turkish, but due to contacts with tribes of other areas, Farsi words have penetrated their mother tongue. Animal husbandry is their main activity. They also engage in handicrafts. Handmade materials of the Afshar Sub-Tribe are of a high quality, and are known throughout the country. Products like: carpets, ornamental weaving (jajim), gelim, panniers (khoorjin), satchels chanteh), Shiraki, Salt containers (namakdan), spoon holders (Ghashoghdan), and other necessary household goods made by the tribesmen and tribeswomen bring them a considerable sum of money. Soft wool, obtained from their sheep is amongst the best there is and enjoys world renown.

Almost every tent we visited had a cassette recorder and radio. Some had short wave radios. We found used batteries all over the ground. Not too good for the enviorment but it shows that these nomads stay connected to the world through the radio. They love to listen to music.

Posted 6:22 AM by Mehran Baharlı

Posted 6:18 AM by Mehran Baharlı

KIRMAN SELJUKS (1048-1187)

Period of Kavurd
Turan Shah
Iran Shah
Arslan Shah
Ruler Muhammed
Tugrul Shah
Period of Interregnum and the Collapse of the State

Period of Kavurd

When Seljuk State won the victory of Dandanakan war (1040) that had an important place in their history, they probably convened a general assembly in the city of Merv. In this assembly, they shared the lands that they had conquered until that time and the fields that they were to conquer in the future among the members of the dynasty according to the tradition of domination among Turks. In the course of this planning for shares, the province of Tabes and the region of Kirman and the environs of Kuhistan had been given to Kavurd. Kavurd was Cagri Bey Davud's elder son. The Seljuk raids to the province of Kirman started in the years of 1042-43. Then, the Ruler Kavurd came to the region of Kirman in Iran together with five-six thousands of Turkish cavalrymen in his revenue. The northern Kirman (Serd-sir) that was under the dominion of Buveyhi people was captured by Kavurd in the year of 1048 and he established his dominion in this place. Therefore, he laid foundation for the establishment of Kirman Seljuks State. Kavurd could establish a general domination in Kirman only within two years (December 1050- January 1051).
While the Ruler Kavurd dominated in Kirman, the eastern end of the Arabian Peninsula was under the dominion of Oman Buveyhi people. Kavurd then paid attention to the region of Oman. He hoisted sails towards the coasts of Oman with the ships that he had provided from the emir of Hurmuz. Therefore, Kavurd realised his first overseas expedition in the history of Seljuks State with his ships under his command. As a result, Kavurd established dominion in Oman. Pursuant to Oman, he advanced towards Fars that was a neighbouring province in the west of Kirman and captured it (1062).
Upon the death of Tugrul Bey who was the sultan of the Great Seljuk State (4th September 1063), Kavurd wanted to be involved within the struggles for the sovereignty and to become the sultan instead of his uncle. However, when he heard that his brother, Alp Arslan was enthroned as the sovereign of the Seljuk State, he returned to Isfahan and recognised his sultanate. However, Fazliye who was the former ruler of Fars asked help from the Sultan Alp Arslan. Firstly, Sultan Alp Arslan send the requisite help and then, he personally advanced towards Fars and captured this place from Kavurd. Then, he returned these lands to Fazliye. The fact that Alp Arslan did not want Kavurd to gain much more power and to expand his fields of domination must have played an important role in the return of Fars to Fazliye by Sultan Alp Arslan.
After a while, Kavurd rebelled against Sultan Alp Arslan upon the encouragement of his vizier. When Sultan learned this situation, he immediately advanced towards Kirman (June-July 1067). Kavurd who lost the war that took place among the vanguard forces preferred to run away. As a result, Alp Arslan forgave his brother and went to the region of Fars. We have observed that the Ruler Kavurd had collaborated with his old enemy, Fazluye and rebelled against Sultan Alp Arslan within two years after his pardon. Sultan assigned his Vizier Nizam ul-Mulk with the task of fighting against Fazluye, and he went to Kirman. Nizam ul-Mulk was able to take Fazliye as prisoner. When Alp Arslan perceived that there was a group within his own army that supported KAvurd, he had to leave Kirman (1069).
Despite these events, Sultan Alp Arslan had taken into account his brother, Kavurd in the testament that he had arranged in his lifetime before his death, and he had left the domination of the regions of Fars and Kirman to his brother. Pursuant to the death of Alp Arslan (1072), his son, Melikshah was declared as the sultan of the Great Seljuk State. On the other hand, Kavurd had also wanted to ascend the throne of the Great Seljuk State. To this effect, he set in motion. As a result, Melikshah won the war. Although the Ruler Kavurd had firstly run away, he was caught and taken prisoner and then, suffocated with the string of his bow (1073). The Ruler Kavurd was a fair man who had a good head for business. He had pleased the people with his generosity and good administration and Kirman people had attained wealth and prosperity in his period. The fault of Kavurd as a ruler was his involvement in the struggles for sovereignty in order to become the sultan of the Great Seljuk State.
When the Ruler Kavurd set off in order to fight with the Sultan Melikshah, he had left his son, Kirmanshah as his representative in Kirman. Upon the news about the death of his father, Kirmanshah had become the ruler. The kingdom of Kirmanshah could only last for one year, and then, he died.Pursuant to Kirmanshah, his son, Kavurd's younger son, Huseyin was enthroned. However, Sultanshah who was one of the sons of Kavurd ran away from prison in which he was detained in Hemedan and he ascended the throne of Kirman Seljuks State instead of his brother who was at a very young age (September-October 1074). After a while, Sultan Melikshah advanced towards Kirman with a great army. However, due to the high traffic among the envoys and the mediation of the emirs, Melikshah pardoned Sultanshah, and left him in his place. Then, he returned to Isfahan again. Sultan-shah died in the year of 1085.

Turan Shah

Instead of the Ruler Sultanshah, his brother, Turan-shah replaced him as the ruler of Kirman Seljuks State. In the following year of the enthronement of the Ruler Turan-shah (1085-86), he witnessed the social issues and problems resulting from the residence of some of the army in the houses of civil people within the city and he attempted to provide the necessary public works in order to prevent these kinds of problems.
Pursuant to the death of the Ruler Kavurd, the Kirman Seljuks State had lost the neighbouring province of Fars for a specific period. The Ruler Turan-shah organised two military expeditions to Fars. He was defeated in the first one, but he organised a new army for the second exhibition and captured Fars.
Then, upon the death of Sultan Melikshah (1092), his wife, Terken Hatun was involved in a struggle in order to enthrone his younger son, Mahmud as the sovereign of the Great Seljuk State. The army that Terken Hatun sent in order to establish dominion in Fars was defeated by Turan-shah (1094).
Another event that took place in the period of Turan-shah was the rebellion of Oman people. However, this rebellion was suppressed and the Seljuk domination was restored in Oman. The Ruler Turan-shah reigned the state for thirteen years and died in October- November 1097.

Iran Shah

Pursuant to the death of Turan Shah, his only son, Iran Shah was enthroned as the sovereign of the Kirman Seljuks State. After a while, Iran Shah adopted the Batini sect under the effect of some people within his retinue. Pursuant to this development, Iran Shah started to behave in hostile manner against the people, and he had killed several Muslim judges and scholars besides this hostility. The staff officers of the state disliked him due to his laxity in showing the proper respect to the religious values and his weakness in the administration of the state affairs. As a result, a Turk named as Cilak Bezdar and a group of people applied to the Sheikh of Islam (minister of religious affairs) and the Muslim judges. The Sheikh of Islam and the Muslim judges of the period agreed on the issue of dethronement of Iran-shah due to his attitudes and behaviours. The people rebelled upon the juridical decision issued by them. Iran Shah had firstly begged for intercession, then tried to escape, but it was no use and he was caught and killed (1101).

Arslan Shah

In the course of his kingdom, the Ruler Iran Shah had followed his relatives strictly. However, Kirman Shah's son had run away from this pursuit and he knew how to hide himself. As a result, he was found and enthroned as the ruler of the Kirman Seljuk State in 1101. Oman people tried to benefit from the bad administration of the state by Iran Shah and the interregnum period in the course of the change of rulers. Probably in the first days of the enthronement of Arslan Shah, a person named as Emir Ebu Sa'd Muhammed had established dominion in half of Oman. However, Arslan Shah recaptured Oman and established his dominion. Some turmoil that burst out in the region of Fars was resolved and the conditions of peace and security were provided.
The Ruler Arslan Shah was submissive to Sultan Sencer in the east. Besides this submission, he had established good relations with the Seljuks in Iraq. These good relations were reinforced particularly through marriages. But afterwards, the Ruler Arslan Shah did not have any capacity for work due to the extension of his period of kingdom and his over-age of seventy. As a result, his son, Muhammed set off much before than his brothers. He took his father from the palace and arrested him and then, he ascended the throne of Kirman Seljuks State (August-September 1142). Arslan Shah lived in the castle that he was arrested in for three years and died (probably in 1145).

Ruler Muhammed

When the Ruler Muhammed was enthroned, he behaved so cruel to his brothers and his nephews that were nearly twenty in number. He neutralised all the persons that could threaten his sovereignty apart from Seljuk Shah. The most important political event that took place in the period of the Ruler Muhammed was related with his brother, Seljuk Shah. As a result of the war between the two brothers, Seljuk Shah who was defeated ran away to Oman. A new Turkish State named as Salgurlu State had begun to dominate in Fars, a neighbouring country that was once dominated by the Kirman Seljuks State.
The Ruler Muhammed had a sincere friendship with the Tutor Sungur from Salgurlu State. Whne Oguz people defeated Sencer, the sultan of the Great Seljuk State and took him as prisoner, the other emirs and rulers were effected by these events. Tabes ruler entered the presence of the Ruler Muhammed and gave the delivery of the named city to the Kirman Seljuks State. Pursuant to the captivity of Sultan Sencer, the Ruler Muhammed had probably been submissive to Sultan Muhammed II b. Mahmud (1153-1159) from Iraq Seljuks State and he had established good relationship with him. Another person who wanted to be submissive to the Ruler Muhammed was Resid Camedar who was the governor of Isfahan. However, the Ruler Muhammed died on the date of 27th June 1156, and this death led the hopes of Kirman Seljuks fizzled out that were oriented towards the establishment of domination in the important city of Isfahan.

Tugrul Shah

Tugrul-shah ascended the throne of the Kirman Seljuks State on the date when the Ruler Muhammed died. First of all, Tugrul had arrested his brother, Mahmud-shah. Then, Seljuk-shah who had been involved in a struggle for sultanate in the lifetime of his father was caught and killed(1156-57). Therefore, he had taken the proper precautions about the claimants of the crown that could pose a threat for him. The Ruler Tugrul-shah continued his friendship with the neighbouring Salgurlu State in Fars like in the period of his father. It has been observed that the tutors started to gradually establish dominion over the rulers and within the state administration in the Kirman Seljuks State since the period of Tugrul-shah. The Ruler Tugrul-shah died in March 1170.

Period of Interregnum and the Collapse of the State

In the course of the turmoils resulting from the death of the Ruler Tugrul Shah, his third son, Behram Shah ascended the throne of Kirman Seljuks State through the support of his Tutor, Reyhan. This situation caused to the opening of the period of interregnum in the Kirman Seljuks State. The struggle that occurred among Tugrul Shah's sons was a significant factor that played an important role in the collapse of the Kirman Seljuks State. The administration of the state was dominated by the tutors. The emirs who wanted to become a prince's tutor struggled among each other. In the course of the struggles for the throne, the brigades of the rulers continuously changed sides between one ruler and the other and provoked the struggles to an extreme degree. Furthermore, the cities that had commercial importance were despoiled and the economical situation of Kirman got worsened gradually.
In this period of turmoils, Oguz people who came from Khorasan to Kirman benefited from the weak and unstable administration of the Kirman Seljuks State and established dominion in this region.
Dinar, one of Oguz beys started to establish dominion in the most important cities of Kirman bit by bit. The emirs and statesmen of the Kirman Seljuks State had perceived the danger that was approaching and they got afraid. Then, they started to leave Kirman as soon as possible. The Ruler Dinar captured the capital city of Berdesir in September 1187 and abolished the Kirman Seljuks State thereof.

Posted 6:16 AM by Mehran Baharlı

http://www.dallog.com/devletler/kselcuk.htm

Sultan Alparslan’ın kardeşi Kara Arslan Kavurd Bey tarafından Kirman’da kurulan devlet.

Büyük Selçuklu Devletinin kurulmasında önemi büyük olan Dandanakan Savaşı kazanıldıktan sonra Merv’de toplanan Selçuklu büyükleri, o zamâna kadar ele geçirilmiş ve geçirilecek toprakların idâresini hânedân üyeleri arasında paylaştırdılar. Bu paylaştırma sırasında Tabes vilâyeti ile Kirman bölgesi ve Kuhistan havâlisi Kara Arslan Kavurd Beye verilmişti. Melik Kavurd, mâiyetinde bulunan beş-altı bin Türk süvârisi ile kendisine verilen Kirman bölgesine girdi. Bölgeye hâkim bulunan Büveyhî emîrinin nâibi Behram bin Leşkeristân, Türklere karşı koyamayacağını anladı ve Kirman’ın merkezi olan Berdesîr’e çekilerek müdâfaaya başladı. Bir süre sonra Melik Kavurd ile anlaşmak mecbûriyetinde kaldı. Behram, eman dileyerek şehri teslim etmeye ve kızını Kavurd Beye vermeye râzı oldu. Bunun üzerine Kirman 1048 senesinde Kavurd’un idâresi altına girdi. Böylece 1186 yılına kadar devam edecek olan Kirman Selçuklu Devletinin temeli atılmış oldu. Melik Kavurd’un hâkim olduğu Serd-sîr bölgesi, burada yaşıyan halkı besleyecek kadar verimli değildi. Kirman’ı besleyen Germ-sîr bölgesi, Kufs denilen dağlı kavmin elinde idi. Melik Kavurd, tâkib ettiği siyâset netîcesinde âni bir baskınla Kufs kavmini dağıtarak Kirman’a tamâmiyle hâkim oldu (1051).

Melik Kara Arslan Kavurd. Hürmüz Emîri Bedr Îsâ Çâşû’nun sağladığı gemilerle Umman’a sefer düzenledi. Bu Selçuklu târihinde gerçekleştirilen ilk deniz aşırı seferdi. Selçuklu ordusu Umman sâhillerine çıktığı zaman, şaşkınlık içinde kalan Büveyhî emîri, askerini toplamaya fırsat bulamadı ve gizlenmeyi tercih etti. Kavurd, hiçbir mukâvemetle karşılaşmadan Umman’a hâkim oldu.

Kavurd bundan sonra Fars bölgesi üzerine sefere çıktı. Fars bölgesinde o sırada Şebânkâre emirlerinden Fazlûye hâkimdi. Kavurd, ilk önce bölgenin merkezi olan Şîrâz üzerine yürüdü. Fazlûye şehri terk ederek Cehrem Kalesine sığındı. Şîrâz’ı ele geçiren Kavurd, 1062 yılında Fars bölgesine de hâkim oldu.

Büyük Selçuklu Sultânı Tuğrul Beyin 1063 yılında ölümü üzerine Kavurd da amcasının yerine sultan olmak için harekete geçti. Fakat kardeşi Alparslan’ın tahta çıktığını haber alınca İsfehan’dan geri dönerek onun sultanlığını tanıdı. Bu sırada Fazlûye, Fars’ı tekrâr ele geçirmek için harekete geçti ise de, Kavurd’a mağlûb olarak geri döndü. Bunun üzerine Sultan Alparslan’dan yardım istedi. Kavurd’un daha fazla kuvvetlenmesini ve hâkimiyet sâhasının genişlemesini istemeyen Sultan Alparslan, Fars üzerine yürüyerek, bölgeyi Fazlûye’ye iâde etti. Bir süre sonra Melik Kavurd, vezîrinin teşviki ile isyân etti. Alparslan bu durumu öğrenince, hemen Kirman üzerine yürüdü. Öncü kuvvetler arasındaki muhârebeyi kaybeden Kavurd kaçtı ise de, Sultan Alparslan tarafından affedildi.

Melik Kavurd 1073 yılında bu defa Sultan Melikşah’la giriştiği mücadeleyi kaybetti ve öldürüldü. Kavurd, âdil bir komutan ve devlet adamı idi. Cömertliği ve iyi idâresi ile halkı memnûn etmiş, zamânında Kirman halkı bolluk ve refâha kavuşmuştu. Onun zamânında Kirman, en parlak devirlerinden birini yaşadı. Melik Kavurd’un vefatı üzerine yerine geçen oğlu Kirmanşah’ın hükümdârlığı bir sene sürdü.

Kirmanşah’ın ölümünden sonra, Kavurd’un küçük oğlu Hüseyin tahta geçti. Fakat Hemedan’da tutuklu bulunduğu hapisten kaçan Kavurd’un diğer oğlu Sultanşah, kardeşini tahttan indirerek yerine geçti (1074). Bir süre sonra Sultan Melikşah büyük bir ordu ile Kirman üzerine yürüdü. Kaynaklarda bu seferin sebebi zikredilmemektedir. Kalabalık Selçuklu ordusuna karşı koyamayacağını anlayan Sultanşah, Melikşah’ı kendisi karşılayarak, ona büyük hediyeler takdim etti. Bunun üzerine Melikşah, onu affederek yerinde bıraktı ve itâat edeceği husûsunda verdiği sözde durması için yemîn ettirdi. Melikşah, Berdesir önünde on yedi gün kaldıktan ve kızlarından birini Sultanşah ile evlendirdikten sonra İsfehan’a döndü(1080) Sultanşah, 1085 senesi Ocak ayında hastalanarak öldü.

Sultanşah’ın yerine kardeşi Turanşah geçti. Turanşâh, askeri için kışlalar yaptırdı. Çeşitli îmâr faaliyetlerinde bulundu. Diğer yandan Kavurd’un ölümünden sonra Kirman Selçukluları, Fars eyâletinin hâkimiyetini kaybetmişlerdi. Sultan Melikşah, bu bölgenin idâresini Emirüddevle Humar Tigin’e vermişti. Bu emîrin idâresi sırasında Fars bölgesinde âsâyiş bozulmaya başladı. Durumdan faydalanan Turanşah, Fars üzerine iki sefer düzenledi. Birincisinde mağlûb oldu ise de, ikincisinde zafer kazanarak bu bölgeyi ele geçirdi. İsyan eden Umman halkını itaat altına aldı.

Çok âdil ve iyi ahlâklı olan bir hükümdâr olan Turanşah on üç senelik bir saltanattan sonra 1097’de öldü.

Turanşah’ın yerine oğlu İranşah geçti. İranşah çevresindeki bâzı kişilerin etkisi ile bir müddet sonra sapık Bâtınî yolunu kabul edince, halka kötü davranmaya başladı, kâdı ve âlimlerden bâzısını öldürdü. Bu duruma dayanamayan halk, şeyhülislâm ve kâdılara mürâcaat etti. Şeyhülislâm ve zamânın kâdıları, davranışları sebebiyle, İranşah’ın tahttan indirilmesi için fetvâ verdiler. Halk, verilen fetvâ üzerine ayaklandı. İranşah önce af diledi. Sonra kaçmaya çalıştı ise de, yakalanarak öldürüldü (1101). Bu olaylar ve şehzâdeler arasındaki taht mücadeleleri Kirman Selçuklu Devletini yıkılma noktasına getirmişti. Ancak bu sırada tahta çıkan Kirmanşah’ın oğlu birinci Arslanşah, Sultan Sencer’in hâkimiyetini tanıdı. Saltanatta bulunduğu 1101-1142 yılları arasında Kirman Selçukluları parlak bir dönem yaşadı. Fars bölgesini hakimiyeti altına aldı. Îmâr faaliyetleri arttı. Arslanşah 1142’de isyan eden oğlu Muhammed tarafından tahttan indirildi.

Muhammed (1142-1156) ve ondan sonra tahta çıkan Tuğrulşah (1156-1170) dönemlerinde saltanat mücâdeleleri ve iç karışıklıklar sonucu devlet zayıflamaya başladı. Önce Irak Selçuklularının hâkimiyeti altına giren devlet 1180 yılından îtibâren Oğuzların saldırılarına mâruz kaldı. Bilhassa Tuğrulşah’ın oğulları İkinci Arslanşah, Behramşah ve İkinci Tuğrulşah arasında çıkan saltanat mücâdelesinden faydalanan Oğuzlar Kirman’a üst üste akınlar düzenlediler. 1186 senesinde Kirman’a giren Oğuz Beyi Melik Dinar İkinci Muhammedşah’ın Irak’a gitmesinden de istifade ederek Kirman Selçuklu Devletine son verdi.

Kirman Selçuklularının başında bir melik bulunmakta idi. Melikten sonra atabeg gelirdi. Atabeg, vilâyetleri idâre ile görevlendirilen, henüz küçük yaşta olan şehzâdelere hoca sıfatıyla tâyin ediliyor ve onların devlet işlerinde yetişmelerini sağlıyordu. Saray teşkilâtı Büyük Selçuklulardaki gibiydi. Sarayda; Üstâd-üd-Dâr, Silâhdârlık, Ahurdarlık, emîr-i câmehane, Hansâlârlık, Candârlık, Bâzdârlık, Nedîmlik, serhengler, Saray muallimliği, Mutripler, Sâkîler ve Hademeler bulunurdu.

Devlet teşkilâtı da Büyük Selçuklu Devletininki gibiydi. Devlet işleri Dîvân-ı Âlâ’da görüşülüp, karâra bağlanırdı. Bundan başka Büyük Dîvân, İnşâ Dîvânı, İstifâ Dîvânı, İşrâf Dîvânı, Dîvân-ı Arz, Berîd Dîvânı adını taşıyan çeşitli devlet işlerinin görüldüğü kuruluşlar da vardı.

Kirman ordusu, çeşitli unsurlardan meydana gelirdi. Ordunun çekirdeğini çeşitli boylardan toplanmış Türklerin teşkil ettiği boy birlikleri meydana getiriyordu. Gulâmlar, (kölelikten yetiştirilenler) ordunun ikinci büyük kısmını meydana getiriyordu. Her sultânın, şehzâde, atabeg, emir, sivil ve askerî devlet erkânının kendilerine bağlı gulâmları vardı. Bunlar sâhipleri tarafından yetiştirilirlerdi.

Kirman Selçuklu melîkleri, kültür ve îmâr faaliyetlerine çok önem vermişler, halkın kültür seviyesinin yükselmesi için büyük gayret göstermişlerdi. Melikler ve devlet adamları bir çok âlim, şâir ve ilim adamını himâye etmişlerdir. Efdaleddîn Ebû Hamid Ahmed, Ezrâkî, Burhânî, Ebü’l-Hüseyn Kutbulevliyâ, Şeyh Cemâleddîn Ahmed, İmâm Ebû Abdullah Muhammed, İsmâil bin Ahmed Nişâbûrî, Şeyh Burhâneddîn Ebû Nasr Ahmed, Kâdı Ebü’l-Âlâ Ali Semânî, Kirman Selçukluları zamânında yetişen belli başlı âlimlerdendir.

Kirman Selçuklularında îmâr faaliyetleri Kavurd zamânında başladı. Kavurd, önce Sîstan ve Derre yolu üzerine bir derbend inşâ ettirdi ve Derre’ye bir han ile hamam yaptırdı. Melik Kavurd’un ölümünden sonra îmâr faaliyetleri bir süre durdu ise de Birinci Turanşah devrinde yeniden başladı. Önce kendisi için bir saray ve köşk, bu sarayın güney kısmında Ulu Câmi ve birbirine bitişik olmak üzere medrese, hankâh, bîmâristân, hamam ve ribat gibi hayır kurumları yaptırdı. Birinci Arslanşâh da babası gibi îmâr faaliyetlerine devâm ederek, Berdesir, Bem ve Ciruft şehirlerinde medrese, ribât ve mescitler yaptırdı. Onun yaptırdığı en önemli eser, Mescid-i Melik’deki kütüphânedir. Bu kütüphânede fen ilimleri ile ilgili beş bin kitap vardı. Kirman Selçukluları da, onların atabegleri de îmâr faaliyetlerinde bulundular. Kirman’da bugün var olan ve Selçuklu devrinde yapıldığı anlaşılan, fakat kimin yaptırdığı bilinmeyen birçok sanat eseri bulunmaktadır.

Posted 6:10 AM by Mehran Baharlı

Salgurlular (1147-1284)

Selçuklular'ın başlangıcından beri İran'ın Fars bölgesinde hizmet gören Oğuz Salgur (Salur) boyundan Atabey Sungur'un Irak Selçuklu sultanı Mes'ud zamanında istiklâl ilân etmesi ile kurulmuştur (1147). Başkent Şîrâz şehri idi.

Sungur'un ölümü (1116)'nden sonra oğlu Zengî Irak Selçuklu devletini tanımak zorunda kaldı ve bu durum Selçuklu Devleti yıkılıncaya kadar (1194) devam etti. Kardeşler arası mücadelede üstünlük sağlayan Sa'ad I. (Zengî'nin oğlu) 1203'de Salgurlu hükümdarı oldu. Ülkesini imâr etti.

Bir ara, Harezmşahlar'a esir düşen Sa'ad (ölm. 1231)'den sonra oğlu Ebû Bekir (ölm. 1260) geçti. İranlı şâir Sa'dî-i Şirazî ünlü eserlerini bu atabeyin himayesinde yazmıştı. Atabeylik İlhanlı Moğollar'a tâbi oldu. Daha sonra Sa'ad II'nin kızı, Moğol hükümdarı Hulagu'nun oğlu ile evlendi ve bu hâtunun 1284'te ölümü ile sülâle nihayet buldu.


Farsi Tutor Principality (Salgurlular) (1147-1284)

In the period of Mes'ud who was the sultan of Iraq Seljuk State, this tutor principality was founded by the declaration of independence of the Tutor Sungur from Oguz Salgur (Salur) tribe who provided service in the Farsi region of Iran since the beginning period of Seljuk State (1147). The capital city of this principality was Shiraz. Pursuant to the death of Sungur (1116), his son, Zengi had to recognise the domination of Iraq Seljuk State and this situation continued until the collapse of the Seljuk State (1194). Sa'ad I (Zengi's son) who had attained superiority among his brothers became the ruler of Salgurlu in the year of 1203. He then developed his country with public works. Pursuant to Sa'ad who had once been taken prisoner by Harzemshah State (died in 1231), his son, Ebu Bekir (died in 1260) replaced him. The Iranian poet, Sa'di-i Şirazi had written his important works under the protection of this tutor. The tutor principality was submissive to the Ilhanli Mongolians. Then, the daughter of Sa'ad II was married with the son of Hulagu, the Mongolian ruler. Upon the death of this lady in the year of 1284, the dynasty came to an end.